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Here you will find a large amount of educational information which will help
your understanding of modern chemistry and science in general. This
information is purely for educational purposes and I take no responsibility
for any actions taken as a result of anyone reading the following.
If you do not accept this statement, then go here.
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3.2 LOW-ORDER EXPLOSIVES
There are many low-order explosives that can be purchased in gun stores and
used in explosive devices. However, it is possible that a wise wise store owner
would not sell these substances to a suspicious-looking individual. Such an
individual would then be forced to resort to making his own low-order
explosives.
3.21 BLACK POWDER
First made by the Chinese for use in fireworks, black powder was first used
in weapons and explosives in the 12th century. It is very simple to make, but it
is not very powerful or safe. Only about 50% of black powder is converted to hot
gasses when it is burned; the other half is mostly very fine burned particles.
Black powder has one major problem: it can be ignited by static electricity.
This is very bad, and it means that the material must be made with wooden or
clay tools. Anyway, a misguided individual could manufacture black powder at
home with the following procedure:
MATERIALS EQUIPMENT
--------- ---------
potassium clay grinding bowl
nitrate (75 g) and clay grinder
or or
sodium wooden salad bowl
nitrate (75 g) and wooden spoon
sulfur (10 g) plastic bags (3)
charcoal (15 g) 300-500 ml beaker (1)
distilled water coffee pot or heat source
- Place a small amount of the potassium or sodium nitrate in the grinding
bowl and grind it to a very fine powder. Do this to all of the potassium or
sodium nitrate, and store the ground powder in one of the plastic bags.
- Do the same thing to the sulfur and charcoal, storing each chemical in a
separate plastic bag.
- Place all of the finely ground potassium or sodium nitrate in the beaker,
and add just enough boiling water to the chemical to get it all wet.
- Add the contents of the other plastic bags to the wet potassium or sodium
nitrate, and mix them well for several minutes. Do this until there is no
more visible sulfur or charcoal, or until the mixture is universally black.
- On a warm sunny day, put the beaker outside in the direct sunlight.
Sunlight is really the best way to dry black powder, since it is never too
hot, but it is hot enough to evaporate the water.
- Scrape the black powder out of the beaker, and store it in a safe
container. Plastic is really the safest container, followed by paper. Never
store black powder in a plastic bag, since plastic bags are prone to
generate static electricity.
3.22 NITROCELLULOSE
Nitrocellulose is usually called "gunpowder" or
"guncotton". It is more stable than black powder, and it produces a
much greater volume of hot gas. It also burns much faster than black powder when
it is in a confined space. Finally, nitrocellulose is fairly easy to make, as
outlined by the following procedure:
MATERIALS EQUIPMENT
--------- ---------
cotton (cellulose) two (2) 200-300 ml beakers
concentrated funnel and filter paper
nitric acid
blue litmus paper
concentrated
sulfuric acid
distilled water
- Pour 10 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid into the beaker. Add to this 10
cc of concentrated nitric acid.
- Immediately add 0.5 gm of cotton, and allow it to soak for exactly 3
minutes.
- Remove the nitrocotton, and transfer it to a beaker of distilled water to
wash it in.
- Allow the material to dry, and then re-wash it.
- After the cotton is neutral when tested with litmus paper, it is ready to
be dried and stored.
3.23 FUEL-OXODIZER MIXTURES
There are nearly an infinite number of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be
produced by a misguided individual in his own home. Some are very effective and
dangerous, while others are safer and less effective. A list of working fuel-oxodizer
mixtures will be presented, but the exact measurements of each compound are
debatable for maximum effectiveness. A rough estimate will be given of the
percentages of each fuel and oxodizer:
oxodizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes
================================================================================
potassium chlorate 67% sulfur 33% 5 friction/impact
sensitive; unstable
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium chlorate 50% sugar 35% 5 fairly slow burning;
charcoal 15% unstable
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium chlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 extremely
magnesium or unstable!
aluminum dust 25%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium chlorate 67% magnesium or 8 unstable
aluminum dust 33%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sodium nitrate 65% magnesium dust 30% ? unpredictable
sulfur 5% burn rate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium permanganate 60% glycerine 40% 4 delay before
ignition depends
WARNING: IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCERINE!!! upon grain size
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium permanganate 67% sulfur 33% 5 unstable
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium permangenate 60% sulfur 20% 5 unstable
magnesium or
aluminum dust 20%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium permanganate 50% sugar 50% 3 ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium nitrate 75% charcoal 15% 7 this is
sulfur 10% black powder!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium nitrate 60% powdered iron 1 burns very hot
or magnesium 40%
oxidizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes
================================================================================
potassium chlorate 75% phosphorus 8 used to make strike-
sesquisulfide 25% anywhere matches
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ammonium perchlorate 70% aluminum dust 30% 6 solid fuel for
and small amount of space shuttle
iron oxide
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium perchlorate 67% magnesium or 10 flash powder
(sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 33%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium perchlorate 60% magnesium or 8 alternate
(sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 20% flash powder
sulfur 20%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
barium nitrate 30% aluminum dust 30% 9 alternate
potassium perchlorate 30% flash powder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
barium peroxide 90% magnesium dust 5% 10 alternate
aluminum dust 5% flash powder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium perchlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 slightly
magnesium or unstable
aluminum dust 25%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium chlorate 67% red phosphorus 27% 7 very unstable
calcium carbonate 3% sulfur 3% impact sensitive
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium permanganate 50% powdered sugar 25% 7 unstable;
aluminum or ignites if
magnesium dust 25% it gets wet!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
potassium chlorate 75% charcoal dust 15% 6 unstable
sulfur 10%
================================================================================
NOTE: Mixtures that uses substitutions of sodium perchlorate for potassium
perchlorate become moisture-absorbent and less stable.
The higher the speed number, the faster the fuel-oxodizer mixture burns
AFTER ignition. Also, as a rule, the finer the powder, the faster the rate of
burning.
As one can easily see, there is a wide variety of fuel-oxodizer mixtures
that can be made at home. By altering the amounts of fuel and oxodizer(s),
different burn rates can be achieved, but this also can change the sensitivity
of the mixture.
3.24 PERCHLORATES
As a rule, any oxidizable material that is treated with perchloric acid will
become a low order explosive. Metals, however, such as potassium or sodium,
become excellent bases for flash-type powders. Some materials that can be
perchlorated are cotton, paper, and sawdust. To produce potassium or sodium
perchlorate, simply acquire the hydroxide of that metal, e.g. sodium or
potassium hydroxide. It is a good idea to test the material to be perchlorated
with a very small amount of acid, since some of the materials tend to react
explosively when contacted by the acid. Solutions of sodium or potassium
hydroxide are ideal.
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